A Review on Causes of Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Livestock Production in the Tropics
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
19-29
Received:
12 January 2017
Accepted:
7 February 2017
Published:
10 May 2017
Abstract: The growth in demand for livestock products will probably still play a dominant role over the next decades and lead to a net increase in the area dedicated to livestock, despite the intensification trend. It is estimated that the world food requirement by the year 2050 will be double that of 2010. A significant part of this requirement will emanate from the developing countries, on account of increased human populations, disposable incomes and urbanization. To the contrary, climate change poses the threat of serious social upheaval, population displacement; economic hardships and environmental degradation were it has been caused both by natural phenomenon and man-made activities. Livestock established their current geographic ranges through long-term adaptation to seasonal climate patterns. Anthropogenic climate change is likely to alter those seasonal patterns on a timescale far more rapid than has occurred naturally over past millennia. It is this rapid rate of climate change which challenges the natural adaptive capacity of livestock. The faster the changes, the greater will be the risk of damage exceeding ability to cope with the consequences. Significant negative consequences including loss of livestock through heat stress, loss of land to agricultural encroachment, an increase in frequency of flooding and the spread of human and livestock diseases were some the problems. Since, livestock are an irreplaceable source of livelihoods for the poor community and there is a chance to give attention for the sector. Because, it is the fastest growing sector and in some countries accounts for 80% of the GDP, in particular in dry lands. As to livestock products, about two-thirds of the increased demand needs to be met by improving the production efficiency of feeds (forages and concentrates). Balanced nutrition contributes to improve animal output as well as to reduce both the cost of production and the emission of greenhouse gases per animal. Ultimately large scale implementation of such programs can help to improve the productivity of livestock in developing countries. Therefore, livestock management system-efficient and affordable adaptation practices have to be developed for producers not able to buy expensive adaptation technologies.
Abstract: The growth in demand for livestock products will probably still play a dominant role over the next decades and lead to a net increase in the area dedicated to livestock, despite the intensification trend. It is estimated that the world food requirement by the year 2050 will be double that of 2010. A significant part of this requirement will emanate...
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Development of High-Throughput Methods for Nano- and Bulk Silver Toxicity Assays Using Bioluminescent Recombinant Pseudomonas Wastewater Isolates
Elizabeth Omolola Oladapo,
Fiona Stainsby,
Mohammed Sani Abdulsalami,
Enimie Endurance Oaikhena
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
30-38
Received:
28 February 2017
Accepted:
24 March 2017
Published:
30 May 2017
Abstract: Silver get washed into sewerage systems and eventually to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) due to its utilization in industries. This poses concerns about the toxicity of these particles to microorganisms which are involved in biodegradation of organic wastes in biological WWTP. Pseudomonas species (Biosensor cell A, B, C, D and E) originally isolated from WWTP and modified by incorporating a stable chromosomal copy of the lux operon (lux CDABE) derived from Escherichia coli S17ƛ pir were sensitive immediately upon addition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and bulk silver in short terms of incubation ranging from 0 to 300minutes. Microtitre plate luminometre was used to generate detailed luminescence reduction data for the silver particles tested against the bacterial cells in various concentrations ranging from 9µg/ml to 2500µg/ml. The EC50 values generated at various time points showed that the highest toxicity was observed at time point, 0 of incubation for both AgNPs and bulk silver (158µg/ml and 618µg/ml EC50 values respectively); these EC50 values also indicate that AgNPs are much more toxic than bulk silver. Two putative biosensors, E and D showed proportional responses of bioluminescence reduction with increasing toxicant concentrations up to 2500µg/ml, hence displaying dose-dependent responses, superior operational range and sensing capabilities; good features for toxicity assay. Therefore, the recombinant isolate can be used to assay the toxicity of silver particles.
Abstract: Silver get washed into sewerage systems and eventually to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) due to its utilization in industries. This poses concerns about the toxicity of these particles to microorganisms which are involved in biodegradation of organic wastes in biological WWTP. Pseudomonas species (Biosensor cell A, B, C, D and E) originally isol...
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