Research Article
Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Multidrug Resistant Coliform from Sachet Water Consumed in Some Selected Communities of Sokoto State, North Western Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
52-61
Received:
15 September 2025
Accepted:
28 September 2025
Published:
30 October 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.fem.20251103.11
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological quality and multidrug resistant coliform from sachet water sold in some selected local government in Sokoto state Nigeria. physicochemical parameters of sachet water samples were analyzed from the five LGAs. The pH values ranged from 6.2 in Sokoto North to 7.1 in Kware. Electrical conductivity was highest in Sokoto South (310 μS/cm) and lowest in Sokoto North (180 μS/cm). Dissolved oxygen peaked in Kware (6.2 mg/L), while BOD was highest in Wamakko (5.8 mg/L). The concentrations of heavy metals Zinc was also determined, with the highest in Wamakko (0.42 mg/ml). Iron levels were highest in Sokoto South (0.31 mg/ml), while lead was only detected in Wamakko (0.01 mg/ml). Chromium was absent in Kware but present in Sokoto South (0.02 mg/ml). The morphological and biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates were analyzed. Biochemical tests confirmed the presence of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter aerogenes in the sachet water samples. The presumptive and confirmed coliform with Gas production in lactose broth across all the samples, with Sokoto North and Kware producing strong positives. EMB agar confirmed E. coli in Sokoto North, while MacConkey agar confirmed Klebsiella in Sokoto South. Mixed coliforms were detected in Wamakko, Kware, and Bodinga. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Isolates from Sokoto North were resistant to ampicillin but sensitive to gentamicin. Sokoto South resisted tetracycline and ciprofloxacin but was sensitive to ofloxacin. Wamakko isolates showed multidrug resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Kware isolates resisted cephalosporins but remained sensitive to ciprofloxacin, while Bodinga isolates exhibited moderate resistance with sensitivity to gentamicin. This indicates a high level of contamination across all the sample of the sachet water and do not conform with the WHO standard of zero coliform in 100 ml, hence there’s the need for urgent intervention to rescue the community from waterborne illnesses and possible assessment of water factory plant by health workers.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological quality and multidrug resistant coliform from sachet water sold in some selected local government in Sokoto state Nigeria. physicochemical parameters of sachet water samples were analyzed from the five LGAs. The pH values ranged from 6.2 in Sokoto North to 7.1 in Kware. Electrical conductivity...
Show More
Research Article
Developments of Mycorrhiza in Quercus acutissimar (Cork Oak) Seedlings Inoculated with Black Truffle (Tuber melanosporum) Mycelial Pure Cultures
Kum-dong Jang,
Yong-nam Kim,
Chol Kim,
Bok-sil Hyon,
Hyok Kim,
Jong-chong Kim,
Hui-won Kim*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
62-65
Received:
11 September 2025
Accepted:
4 October 2025
Published:
7 November 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.fem.20251103.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Tuber melanosporum (T. melanosporum), which is known as the black truffle, is the most famous edible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus with a great commercial interest in the world, due to the expensive delicacies and can develop symbiotically with the roots of various trees and some bushes. T. melanosporum was ascomycete hypogeous fungi, which forms an underground fruitbody. In this study, we infected the seedlings of Quercus acutissimar (cork oak), which is a main forest species grown naturally in DPR Korea, with T. melanosporum mycelium to identify the emerged mycorrhizal association morphologically and molecularly. It was shown that Q. acutissimar, selected as the host species, was compatible with T. melanosporum. One hundred of the Q. acutissimar seeds were allowed to germinate and germination was observed in 84 seeds. Among 84 germinated seedlings, 70 seedlings with relatively good growth were selected and inoculated with T. melanosporum mycelium. Characteristic mycorrhizal structures between T. melanosporum and Quercus acutissimar were observed in 52 seedlings. The identification of T. melanosporum mycorrhiza was based on morphological and anatomical features and confirmed with molecular analyses by PCR. This is the first report on the establishment of the ECM association between T. melanosporum mycelia with Quercus acutissimar seedlings in DPR Korea.
Abstract: Tuber melanosporum (T. melanosporum), which is known as the black truffle, is the most famous edible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus with a great commercial interest in the world, due to the expensive delicacies and can develop symbiotically with the roots of various trees and some bushes. T. melanosporum was ascomycete hypogeous fungi, which forms an...
Show More
