| Peer-Reviewed

Strong Radical Scavenging Macrofungi from the Dry Zone Forest Reserves in Sri Lanka

Received: 1 September 2015     Accepted: 10 September 2015     Published: 14 September 2015
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Natural metabolites produced by macro fungi are of great interest as potential antioxidant defensive agents to reduce the oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Primarily, phenolic and flavonoid type metabolites have gained major importance due to the strong capacity of scavenging free radicals. The study was mainly focused to investigate the natural antioxidant properties of macro fungi found in Sri Lankan dry zone forest reserves using DPPH radical scavenging assay and to find out the contribution of phenol and flavonoid substances towards their antioxidant capacity. EC50 values of all extracts were below 1.2 mg/ml. Among the analyzed specimens, Phellinus repandus and Inonotus porrectus showed the most potent antioxidant activities having EC50 of 7.91 ± 1.38 µg/ ml and 19.70 ± 0.17 µg/ ml, respectively. Ten fungal forms exhibited EC50 < 300 µg/ ml and eighteen showed a mean values of EC50 in the range of 300-1200 µg/ ml. Further, P. repandus and I. porrectus also exhibited the highest level of total phenols and flavonoids. EC50 values of the species studied were inversely related to the total phenol and flavonoid contents. The analyzed macrofungi specimens exhibited high antioxidant power highlighting their potential as therapeutically useful antioxidant agents. Particularly, P. repandus and I. porrectus could be an important source of novel antioxidant compounds. In addition, phenol and flavonoid compounds largely contribute to the scavenging activity of studied macrofungi.

Published in Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology (Volume 1, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.fem.20150102.15
Page(s) 32-38
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Macrofungi, Antioxidant Activity, Phenol Content, Flavonoid Content, EC50

References
[1] U. Lindequist, T. H. J. Niedermeyer and W. Julich, The Pharmacological Potential of Mushrooms. eCAM 2 (3): 285-299, 2005.
[2] A. Turkoglu, M. E. Duru and N. Mercan Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Russula delica Fr: An Edidle Wild Mushroom. Eurasian J Anal Chem 2 (1): 54-67, 2007.
[3] G.S. Jose and P. M. Radhamany. Identification and determination of antioxidant constituents of bioluminescent mushroom. Asian Pacific J of Tropical Biomedicine S386-S391, 2012.
[4] L. Fan, H. Pan, A. T. Soccol, A. Pandey and C. R. Socco. Advances in Mushroom Research in the Last Decade. Advances in Mushroom Research, Food Technol. Biotechnol 44(3): 303-311, 2006.
[5] T. A. Ajith and K. K. Janardhanan. Indian Medicinal Mushrooms as a Source of Antioxidant and Antitumor Agents. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr 40: 157–162, 2007.
[6] S. P. Wasser and A. L.Weis. Medicinal propreties of substances occurring in higher basidiomycetes mushrooms: current perspectives. J Medicinal mushrooms 1: 31-62, 1999.
[7] L. Barros, S. Falcão, P. Baptista, C. Freire, M. Vilas-Boas and I. C. F. R. Ferreira. Antioxidant activity of Agaricus sp. mushrooms by chemical, biochemical and electrochemical assays.J. FoodChem 111: 61–66, 2008.
[8] A. R. Sharma and M. N. Noolvi. Natural sources as potential anti-cancer agents: A review. J Phytomedicine 3: 09-26, 2011.
[9] A. S. Ravipati, L. Zhang, S. R. Koyyalamudi, S. C. Jeong, N. Reddy, J. Bartlett, P. T. Smith, K. Shanmugam, Wu. M. J. Münch, M. Satyanarayanan and B. Vysetti. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected Chinese medicinal plants and their relation with antioxidant content. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12:173-187, 2012.
[10] K. H. Cheeseman and T. F. Slater. An introduction to free radical biochemistry. Br Med Bull 49: 481–493, 1993.
[11] H. Liu and G. A. Visner. Oxidants and antioxidants. In Molecular Pathology of Lung Diseases. Edited by Zander DS, Popper HH, Jagirdar J, Haque AK, Cagle PT, Barrios R: Springer 470–475, 2008.
[12] P. Diaz, S. C. Jeong, S. Lee, C. Khoo and S. R. Koyyalamudi. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected medicinal plants and fungi containing phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Chinese Medicine 7: 26-35, 2012.
[13] L. Zhang, A. S. Ravipati, S. R. Koyyalamudi, S. C. Jeong, N. Reddy, P.T. Smith, J. Bartlett, K. Shanmugam, D. G. Münch and M. J. Wu. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected medicinal plants containing phenolic and flavonoid compounds.J Agr Food Chem 59: 12361–12367, 2011.
[14] A. K. Tiwari. Imbalance in antioxidant defect and human diseases Multiple approach of natural antioxidants therapy. CURRENT SCIENCE 81(9): 1179-1187, 2001.
[15] E. A. Adebayo, J. K. Oloke, A. A. Ayandele and C. O. Adegunlola. Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial assay of mushroom metabolite from Pleurotus pulmonarius. J. Microbiol. Biotech. Res 2 (2): 366-374, 2012.
[16] D. D. Tibuhwa. Antiradical and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of indigenous termitarian mushroom from Tanzania. Food Science and Quality Management 7: 13-23, 2012.
[17] J. Liu, Y. Wu, J. Kan, Y. Wang and C. Jin. Changes in reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant enzyme activity of Agaricus bisporus harvested at different stages of maturity. J Sci Food Agric 93: 2201–2206, 2013.
[18] A. Keles, I. Koca and H. Gençcelep. Antioxidant Properties of Wild Edible Mushrooms. J Food Process Technol 2: 1-6, 2011.
[19] I. C. F. R. Ferreira, P. Baptista,, M. Vilas-Boas and L. Barros. Free-radical scavenging capacity and reducing power of wild edible mushrooms from northeast Portugal: Individual cap and stipe activity. Food Chemistry 100: 1511–1516, 2007.
[20] M. Karaman, E. Jovin, R. Malbaša, M. Matavuly and M. Popovic. Medicinal and Edible Lignicolous Fungi as Natural Sources of Antioxidative and Antibacterial Agents. Phytother Res 24: 1473-1481, 2010.
[21] J. Savoie, N. Minvielle and M. L. Largeteau. Radical-scavenging properties of extracts from the white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. J Sci Food Agric 88: 970–97, 2008.
[22] I. Mujic, Z. Zekovic, Z. Lepojevic, S. Vidovic and J. Zivkovic. Antioxidant properties of selected edible mushroom species. J Central European Agriculture 11(4): 387-392, 2010.
[23] F. Kalyoncu, M. Oskay and H. Kayalar. Antioxidant activity of the mycelium of 21 wild mushroom species. J Mycology 1(3): 195–199, 2010.
[24] J. Y. Wong and F. Y. Chye. Antioxidant properties of selected tropical wild edible mushroom. J Food Composition and Analysis 22: 269–277, 2009.
[25] A. C. Ramırez-Anguiano, S. Santoyo, G. Reglero and C. Soler-Rivas. Radical scavenging activities, endogenous oxidative enzymes and total phenols in edible mushrooms commonly consumed in Europe. J Sci Food Agric 87: 2272–2278, 2007.
[26] E. Alvarez-Parrilla, L. A. de la Rosa, N. R. Martínez and G. A. G. Aguilar. Total phenols and antioxidant activity of commercial and wild mushrooms from chihuahua, mexico. Cienc Tecnol Aliment 5(5): 329-334, 2007.
[27] O. V. Oyetayo, A. Nieto- Camacho, T. M. Ramırez-Apana, R. E. Baldomero, M. Jimenez. Total Phenol, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Wild Macrofungi Collected from Akure Southwest Nigeria. Jordan J of Biological Sciences 6(2): 105-110, 2008.
[28] K. W. Samarakoon, J. Lee, E. D. De Silva, E. Kim, R. L. C. Wijesundara, H. H. C. Lakmal and Y. Jeon. Bioactivity evaluation of organic solvent extractions of Ganoderma lucidum: a Sri Lankan basidiomycete. J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka 41 (3): 249-257, 2013.
[29] S. C. Karunarathna, D. Udayanga, S. N. Maharachchikumbura, M. Pilkington, D. S. Manamgoda, D. N. N. Wijayawardene, H. A. Ariyawansa, A. R. Bandara, E. Chukeatirote, E. H. C. McKenzie and K. D. Hyde. Current status of knowledge of Sri Lankan mycota. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 2(1):18-29, 2012.
[30] L. K. Silva and P. Soysa. Evaluation of phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of a decoction containing adenanthera pavonina L and Thespesia populnea L. Pharmacogn Mag 7: 193–199, 2011.
[31] P. Soysa, I. S. De Silva and J. Wijayabandara. Evaluation of antioxidant and Antiproliferative activity of Flueggea leucopyrus Willd (katupila). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 14: 274-282, 2014.
[32] C. Chang, M. Yang, H. Wen and J. Chern. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food and Drug Anal 10:178-182, 2002.
[33] B. Halliwell. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence. Lancet 344 (8924), 721–724, 1994.
[34] L. A. Mitscher, H. Telikepalli, E. McGhee and D. M. Shankel. Natural antimutagenic agents. Mutation Research 350 (1), 142–143, 1996.
[35] T. Kulisic, A. Radonic, V. Katalinic and M. Milos. Use of different methods for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil. Food Chemistry 85: 633-640, 2004.
[36] T. Riaz, M.A. Abbasi, Aziz-ur-rehman, T. Shahzadi, M. Ajaib and K.M. Khan. Phytochemical screening, free radical scavenging, antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Dodonaea viscose Jacq. J Serb Chem Soc 77(4): 423-435, 2012.
[37] N. Pise, K. Jena, D. Maharana, D. Gaikwad and T. Jagtap. Free radical scavenging potential, reducing power, phenolic and biochemical constituents of Porphyra species from India. J. Algal Biomass Utln 1(3): 29–42, 2010.
[38] A. Kumar, N. S. Kumari and D. Bhargavan. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract from the leaves of Achyranthes aspera. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 5(3): 146-148, 2012.
[39] S. S Ediriweera, R. L. C. Wijesundera, C.M. Nanayakkara, O. V. D. S. J. Weerasena. A new record of Fulvifomes fastuosus from Sri Lanka. J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka 42 (4):375-377, 2014.
[40] J. F. Ayala-Zavala, B. A. Silva-Espinoza, M. R. Cruz-Valenzuela, M. A. Villegas-Ochoa, M. Esqueda, G. A. González-Aguilar and Y. Calderón-López. Antioxidant and antifungal potential of methanol extracts of Phellinus spp. from Sonora, Mexico. Rev Iberoam Micol 29 (3): 132–138, 2012.
[41] S. Sasidharan, S. Aravindran S, L. Y. Latha, R. Vijenthi, D. Saravanan and S. Amutha. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Hepatoprotective Effects of Lentinula edodes against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Molecules 15: 4478-4489, 2010.
[42] J. Li, J. Zhang, H. Chen, X. Chen, J. Lan and C. Liu. Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. PLOS ONE 8 (8): e72038, 2013.
[43] R. Baskar, R. Lavanya, S. Mayilvizhi and P. Rajasekaran. Free radical scavenging activity of antitumour polysaccharide fractions isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. karst.Natural product radiance 7(4): 320-325, 2008.
[44] M. Rajasekaran and C. Kalaimagal. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of a Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma Lucidum. J Pharm Sci & Res 3(9): 427-1433, 2011.
[45] A. Rawat, M. Mohsin, P. S. Negi, A. N. Sah and S. Singh. Evaluation of polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activity of wildly collected Ganoderma lucidum from central Himalayan hills of India. Asian J Plant Sci Res 3 (3): 85-90, 2013.
[46] A. Nahata. Ganoderma lucidum: A Potent Medicinal Mushroom with Numerous Health Benefits Pharmaceut Anal Acta 4 (10): 1000e159, 2013.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Dilusha Fernando, Ravi Wijesundera, Preethi Soysa, Dilip de Silva, Chandrika Nanayakkara. (2015). Strong Radical Scavenging Macrofungi from the Dry Zone Forest Reserves in Sri Lanka. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 1(2), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20150102.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Dilusha Fernando; Ravi Wijesundera; Preethi Soysa; Dilip de Silva; Chandrika Nanayakkara. Strong Radical Scavenging Macrofungi from the Dry Zone Forest Reserves in Sri Lanka. Front. Environ. Microbiol. 2015, 1(2), 32-38. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20150102.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Dilusha Fernando, Ravi Wijesundera, Preethi Soysa, Dilip de Silva, Chandrika Nanayakkara. Strong Radical Scavenging Macrofungi from the Dry Zone Forest Reserves in Sri Lanka. Front Environ Microbiol. 2015;1(2):32-38. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20150102.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.fem.20150102.15,
      author = {Dilusha Fernando and Ravi Wijesundera and Preethi Soysa and Dilip de Silva and Chandrika Nanayakkara},
      title = {Strong Radical Scavenging Macrofungi from the Dry Zone Forest Reserves in Sri Lanka},
      journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
      volume = {1},
      number = {2},
      pages = {32-38},
      doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20150102.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20150102.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20150102.15},
      abstract = {Natural metabolites produced by macro fungi are of great interest as potential antioxidant defensive agents to reduce the oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Primarily, phenolic and flavonoid type metabolites have gained major importance due to the strong capacity of scavenging free radicals. The study was mainly focused to investigate the natural antioxidant properties of macro fungi found in Sri Lankan dry zone forest reserves using DPPH radical scavenging assay and to find out the contribution of phenol and flavonoid substances towards their antioxidant capacity. EC50 values of all extracts were below 1.2 mg/ml. Among the analyzed specimens, Phellinus repandus and Inonotus porrectus showed the most potent antioxidant activities having EC50 of 7.91 ± 1.38 µg/ ml and 19.70 ± 0.17 µg/ ml, respectively. Ten fungal forms exhibited EC50 50 in the range of 300-1200 µg/ ml. Further, P. repandus and I. porrectus also exhibited the highest level of total phenols and flavonoids. EC50 values of the species studied were inversely related to the total phenol and flavonoid contents. The analyzed macrofungi specimens exhibited high antioxidant power highlighting their potential as therapeutically useful antioxidant agents. Particularly, P. repandus and I. porrectus could be an important source of novel antioxidant compounds. In addition, phenol and flavonoid compounds largely contribute to the scavenging activity of studied macrofungi.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Strong Radical Scavenging Macrofungi from the Dry Zone Forest Reserves in Sri Lanka
    AU  - Dilusha Fernando
    AU  - Ravi Wijesundera
    AU  - Preethi Soysa
    AU  - Dilip de Silva
    AU  - Chandrika Nanayakkara
    Y1  - 2015/09/14
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20150102.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.fem.20150102.15
    T2  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
    JF  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
    JO  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
    SP  - 32
    EP  - 38
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2469-8067
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20150102.15
    AB  - Natural metabolites produced by macro fungi are of great interest as potential antioxidant defensive agents to reduce the oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Primarily, phenolic and flavonoid type metabolites have gained major importance due to the strong capacity of scavenging free radicals. The study was mainly focused to investigate the natural antioxidant properties of macro fungi found in Sri Lankan dry zone forest reserves using DPPH radical scavenging assay and to find out the contribution of phenol and flavonoid substances towards their antioxidant capacity. EC50 values of all extracts were below 1.2 mg/ml. Among the analyzed specimens, Phellinus repandus and Inonotus porrectus showed the most potent antioxidant activities having EC50 of 7.91 ± 1.38 µg/ ml and 19.70 ± 0.17 µg/ ml, respectively. Ten fungal forms exhibited EC50 50 in the range of 300-1200 µg/ ml. Further, P. repandus and I. porrectus also exhibited the highest level of total phenols and flavonoids. EC50 values of the species studied were inversely related to the total phenol and flavonoid contents. The analyzed macrofungi specimens exhibited high antioxidant power highlighting their potential as therapeutically useful antioxidant agents. Particularly, P. repandus and I. porrectus could be an important source of novel antioxidant compounds. In addition, phenol and flavonoid compounds largely contribute to the scavenging activity of studied macrofungi.
    VL  - 1
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

  • Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

  • Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

  • Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

  • Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

  • Sections