@article{10.11648/j.fem.20251103.11,
  author = {Hauwa Hussaini and Adeoye Peter and Sahabi Abdurrahman},
  title = {Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Multidrug Resistant Coliform from Sachet Water Consumed in Some Selected Communities of Sokoto State, North Western Nigeria
},
  journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {52-61},
  doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20251103.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20251103.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20251103.11},
  abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological quality and multidrug resistant coliform from sachet water sold in some selected local government in Sokoto state Nigeria. physicochemical parameters of sachet water samples were analyzed from the five LGAs. The pH values ranged from 6.2 in Sokoto North to 7.1 in Kware. Electrical conductivity was highest in Sokoto South (310 μS/cm) and lowest in Sokoto North (180 μS/cm). Dissolved oxygen peaked in Kware (6.2 mg/L), while BOD was highest in Wamakko (5.8 mg/L). The concentrations of heavy metals Zinc was also determined, with the highest in Wamakko (0.42 mg/ml). Iron levels were highest in Sokoto South (0.31 mg/ml), while lead was only detected in Wamakko (0.01 mg/ml). Chromium was absent in Kware but present in Sokoto South (0.02 mg/ml). The morphological and biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates were analyzed. Biochemical tests confirmed the presence of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter aerogenes in the sachet water samples. The presumptive and confirmed coliform with Gas production in lactose broth across all the samples, with Sokoto North and Kware producing strong positives. EMB agar confirmed E. coli in Sokoto North, while MacConkey agar confirmed Klebsiella in Sokoto South. Mixed coliforms were detected in Wamakko, Kware, and Bodinga. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Isolates from Sokoto North were resistant to ampicillin but sensitive to gentamicin. Sokoto South resisted tetracycline and ciprofloxacin but was sensitive to ofloxacin. Wamakko isolates showed multidrug resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Kware isolates resisted cephalosporins but remained sensitive to ciprofloxacin, while Bodinga isolates exhibited moderate resistance with sensitivity to gentamicin. This indicates a high level of contamination across all the sample of the sachet water and do not conform with the WHO standard of zero coliform in 100 ml, hence there’s the need for urgent intervention to rescue the community from waterborne illnesses and possible assessment of water factory plant by health workers.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Multidrug Resistant Coliform from Sachet Water Consumed in Some Selected Communities of Sokoto State, North Western Nigeria

AU  - Hauwa Hussaini
AU  - Adeoye Peter
AU  - Sahabi Abdurrahman
Y1  - 2025/10/30
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20251103.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.fem.20251103.11
T2  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JF  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JO  - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
SP  - 52
EP  - 61
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8067
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20251103.11
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological quality and multidrug resistant coliform from sachet water sold in some selected local government in Sokoto state Nigeria. physicochemical parameters of sachet water samples were analyzed from the five LGAs. The pH values ranged from 6.2 in Sokoto North to 7.1 in Kware. Electrical conductivity was highest in Sokoto South (310 μS/cm) and lowest in Sokoto North (180 μS/cm). Dissolved oxygen peaked in Kware (6.2 mg/L), while BOD was highest in Wamakko (5.8 mg/L). The concentrations of heavy metals Zinc was also determined, with the highest in Wamakko (0.42 mg/ml). Iron levels were highest in Sokoto South (0.31 mg/ml), while lead was only detected in Wamakko (0.01 mg/ml). Chromium was absent in Kware but present in Sokoto South (0.02 mg/ml). The morphological and biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates were analyzed. Biochemical tests confirmed the presence of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter aerogenes in the sachet water samples. The presumptive and confirmed coliform with Gas production in lactose broth across all the samples, with Sokoto North and Kware producing strong positives. EMB agar confirmed E. coli in Sokoto North, while MacConkey agar confirmed Klebsiella in Sokoto South. Mixed coliforms were detected in Wamakko, Kware, and Bodinga. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Isolates from Sokoto North were resistant to ampicillin but sensitive to gentamicin. Sokoto South resisted tetracycline and ciprofloxacin but was sensitive to ofloxacin. Wamakko isolates showed multidrug resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Kware isolates resisted cephalosporins but remained sensitive to ciprofloxacin, while Bodinga isolates exhibited moderate resistance with sensitivity to gentamicin. This indicates a high level of contamination across all the sample of the sachet water and do not conform with the WHO standard of zero coliform in 100 ml, hence there’s the need for urgent intervention to rescue the community from waterborne illnesses and possible assessment of water factory plant by health workers.

VL  - 11
IS  - 3
ER  - 

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